The Development of Welfare Politics of the Dutch East Indies in 1900-1918

This article writing to: (1) Explain how the Dutch East Indies political system is, (2) Analyze how ethical politics is in the archipelago (Indonesia), (3) Analyze how the political system is ethical and eastern towards Islam, and explain the Ordinance Policy towards Islamic Religion Teachers by the Dutch East Indies, (4) Explain how the failure of ethical politics can occur. The author in writing article applied historical research method with consist of collecting sources, critism source, intepretation, and historiograph. Results of this writing article indicate that: (1) Ethic politic policies implemented on the Duutch East indie were based on the desire of liberals in the Netherlands to prosper in the colonized country, (2) East-west politics in Islam caused Muslims to want to break away from the Dutch defense, (3) Ordinance Policy on Islamic Religion Teachers by the Dutch East Indies Government, (4) The political failure was motivated by the many reactions to the implementation of ethical politics, the Dutch got big profits but inversely the welfare of the people was low.


INTRODUCTION
Politics has another term, namely polis from Greek, from the word polis which means a city within a city-state.
Theoretically, many thoughts about politics in the West were influenced by philosophers from the Ancient Greek period (Hidayat, 2009;Setiawan, Permatasari, & Kumalasari, 2018).Plato and Aristotle resolved that politics is a way in an effort to arrive at a good order in political society.Andre Heywood argues that politics is the activity of a nation that has the aim of maintaining, making, and amending various general regulations that govern the life of the nation.On the other The Development of Welfare Politics of the Dutch East…,Radhitya Eka Widjanarko, DOI: 10.24127/hj.v11vi2.7459hand, at the practical level, politics usually cannot be separated from various conflicts, interests, and cooperation.
In the early 1900s, the Netherlands had begun to implement ethical politics.
At that time the Dutch East Indies government had a mission to prosper the Indonesian people both in the fields of education and health (Laely, 2018).One of the programs organized by the Dutch East Indies colonial government was transmigration, irrigation, communication, flood management, industry, and protection of native-owned industries (Suciati, Kumalasari, & Setiawan, 2023).
In practical terms, the application in the   (Kuntowijoyo, 2013).In fulfilling the chronological aspect, this article is written according to the sequence of events.In discussing the article coherently explains the political developments from ethical politics to Islamic politics towards the Dutch East Indies.

Dutch East Indies Colonial Ethical Politics
The   (Kartodirdjo, 1992).The existence of a decentralized system provides many differences in income to various groups in society.Decentralization is a method to encourage awareness in politics, among elites who have been influenced by Western ideas (Niel, 1984).
Ethical Politics

Irrigation Migration Education
The Ordinance", this rule required teachers or religious instructors to have a permit from the government.Making every individual element of society unable to be free in educating in organizations, providing education, if they do not have a letter of approval from the government for a teaching license (Suminto, 1985).
Historically, the background to the issuance of this Teacher Ordinance policy was none other than politics under the pretext of suppressing something like that, as a result, education related to religion did not become a cause or a trigger factor for the people's resistance to the colonialists.An event that served as  (Maksum, 1999).
Periodically, the Dutch East Indies The learning provided is also limited because of inspection controls from the government (Noer, 1994).
Theoretically, the issue of the Ordinance actually becomes crucial, especially for Islamic religious education.
Because if you don't follow every government policy, you will immediately be closed.The government at that time also had authority over schools, madrasas, or places of educational organizations that did not have permits or provide learning materials that were hated by the Dutch regime (Hasbullah, 1995).It is also known as the Wild School OrdinanceWilde chool Ordonantie (Mubin, 2020).

Ethical Policy Failure
The Ethical Policy which began to be carried out with a fiery spirit, because it was encouraged to uphold moral industrial sector does not have much influence on the indigenous population because most of the people still rely heavily on their profession in the agricultural sector.Idenzburg had ideas and draft laws which were later accepted by the Dutch parliament and became the Decentralization Act in 1903.In summary, ethical politics can also be called the politics of reciprocity, namely, this is a policy of the Dutch royal government to repay the people's sacrifice during the culturstelsel or forced cultivation.This ethical policy aims to elevate the nation's status so that it is equal to European nations (MIZWAR, 2019).At first glance, this political model has had a very good influence on the education of the Indonesian nation, but in the implementation of education, the Indonesian people are practically only given elementary-level education and the purpose of their education is none other than to fulfill employee posts or servants.Even so, the existence of this ethical policy implementation has a big impact on education, this has caused people to succeed in achieving abilities in education as evidenced by the emergence of many educated scholars.Since ancient times, Islam has played an important political and ideological role in the history of the Indonesian nation.The essence of Islamic politics in Indonesia mostly stems from the fact that in the teachings of Islam, there are very few boundaries between politics and religion (Effendi, 2012).In the political program on colonial education to the Indonesian people, most of whom are Muslims, the Dutch colonial anxiety was motivated by the political developmentsthat were taking place in Indonesia(Anggraeni & Setiawan, 2022;Boty, Dardiri, Sunarso, Setiawan, & Fadli, 2023;Setiawan, 2023).From the point of view of the Dutch colonial government, politics, especially those based on ideology, were seen as something that threatened the security regulations that had been implemented by the Dutch, besides that they also had an impact on how the Dutch domination and colonialism continued in the archipelago.
political strategy of the Dutch government in the colonized areas in the early 1900s underwent many transformations.The early 20th century was marked by the rapid development of the economic sector and the expansion of the authority of the Dutch government on a large scale in various parts of Indonesia (Djumhur & Danasuparta, 1976).The victory of the liberal party in the Dutch parliamentary council was very influential in determining what policies the Dutch government would take toward each of the colonies.The elites of liberal political parties who uphold equality and freedom want the colonial lands to be given prosperity.Changes in policy regulations in the political system of the Dutch government towards the Dutch East Indies colony were the role of figures, namely Van Deventer, Van Limburg Stirum, and Brooshoooft.This figure created a new idea for the colonial territories in the Dutch East Indies which is known as ethical politics (Scholten, 1996).Practically speaking, the implementation of welfare politics carried out by the Dutch government was the desire of the Netherlands (Susilo, Agus, 2018).In general, ethical politics aims to improve the welfare of the Indonesian nation but must be under the control of the Dutch East Indies colonialists.The Ethical Policy was established in the early 20th century in 1901 when the Dutch queen Wilhelmina delivered her annual speech.At the beginning of its implementation, this welfare policy was carried out well and responsibly, but over time the implementation was not carried out properly.The Dutch government at that time was worried if it allowed it, if the government allowed the suffering of the natives it would trigger widespread popular resistance against the Dutch government.

Figure 1 .
Figure 1.Ethical Politics Period Program

DOI
Development of Welfare Politics of the Dutch East…,Radhitya EkaWidjanarko, .Where at that time the focus of one of the most important things in the population was literary works, folklore, and culture which was thick with mystical elements, the government at that time was still in the form or form of a Monarchy(Bisyarda, 2016).At this time, Muslims have great autonomy in determining their politics.This political independence was destroyed by European intervention in the local Islamic system.The fall of the Islamic political system into the hands of the Dutch government had a major impact on the social situation of Muslims.They now live behind the policies of the colonial government (Mudzakkir, 2016).When, towards the 1930s, the alliance strategy had ended because it failed to deal with political competition in a colonialist society which had led to oppression on one side and bad deeds against politics itself so that a synthetic ideology arose in which this colonial ideology tried to describe the growing colonial population towards an ideology of synthesis between the West and the East.Colonial problems can only be resolved and resolved by placing them in the order of a large cultural process, namely the meeting between the two great cultures of the West and the East.The contract described by the federation strategy is seen as bad because it has rejected the contact of its spiritual and cultural cores that have met one another.It is seen that working together in a different way which is the motto of the associationist community's encouragement will not manifest integrity, because Western customs are only narrowly agreed upon and their development is not hidden from one another, namely Western and Eastern customs (Kat Angelino, 1931).The role of the West turned out to be none other than to advance Eastern countries.In addition, the West received the moral and spiritual strength to initiate the evolution of the East, so it is like providing cooperation between the West and the East in such a way, and through the path of respecting the individual nature of all sciences.One of the things that can prevent the idea of synthesis is the dispute over the variety of skins.The strategy of imperialism must also convey understanding or synthesis of ideas by fully embracing the invitation of Western hegemony, in addition to other things to cultivate the characteristics of a population that is in sync and peaceful with the West to become its core substance.The Dutch side has listed three basic principles of the new policy.Education, immigration, and irrigation (education, migration, and irrigation).To realize this, funds are needed to be able to carry out such a project.The project resulted in the debts of the imperialist regime reaching around 40 million Gulden (M.C Ricklefs, 1991).During the 19th century, there were many riots in rural areas which were basically driven by religious experts.When encountering this matter or problem, Snouck Hugronje admonished him not to slander religious experts as the key to rioting.It must be excluded from religious experts who carry out their obligations as educators of religious knowledge and who are not used in their position as or as chairmen to carry out strategic agitation.To be able to create this, strict matters were implemented and tightened monitoring of the agenda of religious experts.During religious study activities, reading the Koran, religious education to all of them is legal and needs to be given its own freedom.At that time, the regime was encouraged to act vigilantly and religious agendas began to be misused for strategic moves against the government regime (Hurgronje Snouck, 1923).matters.The government system that was originally neutral at that time towards religion changed immediately to decree or corner one religion.Politically, the Dutch East Indies government at that time tried to advance education for the Bumiputera people, especially after the implementation of the Ethical Politics system in Government and at that time not only divided the Muslim community but also got rid of the board of Islamic boarding schools who were reluctant to accept subsidy assistance from the regional government.outskirts or interior.As a result of this attitude, Islamic boarding schools do not get the development of a more modern science series(Huda, 2007).
few areas such as Java, and Madura, with the exception of Surakarta, and Yogyakarta where the implementation of this policy or program could greatly affect and hinder the implementation of the Muslim faith. in Indonesia, at the time it was emphasized for religiously devout groups of people in their own way.According to Deliar Noer, there are distinct effects in carrying out the Ordinance policy for the implementation of the Islamic science creed, namely as follows: (a) The total number of religious teachers has decreased due to problems with licensing administrators to educate from the government.(b) It is difficult to enter the report index for the ruling officials because almost all of the teaching staff are already there.The teacher only understands and understands Arabic letters, while the filling sheets or data submitted use elements of Dutch, some of them also use Latin spelling.The organization that at that time experienced difficulties in this regard was the Pesantren due to the fact that it did not have the correct index arrangement in terms of the list of students, teachers, and subjects to be taught.This is the tip of why the government closed the pesantren.(c) The process of teaching and learning is hampered, due to none other than the limited number of teachers or instructors.
blur or not meet the target.The socio-political series since the National Awakening and the culmination of the first world war became one of the driving factors that led to a situation in the political arena that increasingly weakened goals, including one of them, namely ethical politics itself.Apart from that, another failure in ethical politics appears in the Dualism that was maintained by the school system in ancient times which showed a comparison of the degrees of discrimination and elitism.Such problems could limit progress in the Western system of teaching that is held in high esteem by society.In this case, the goal of creating a humanization of relations between West and East as taught by ethical politics also did not materialize or failed (and the people that have become more and more fervent but there have also been activities to achieve joint progress which have been carried out simultaneously by the people and all elements of the indigenous peoples themselves.The goal of ethical politics which is not only to build and awaken people's and society's understanding in carrying out this development has been taken over by the natives themselves.Thus, the paternalism of the ethical people was ignored or ignored by the Dutch East Indies government.The Dutch East Indies government's role was like a referee who could only supervise so that the development of various social forces proceeded peacefully, and naturally, and did not cause or cause conflict with one another.Apart from that, the strategy of reciprocation (ethical politics) driven by the Dutch government also implemented improvements in the fields of water, land, resettlement, and knowledge, all of which can be concluded that there are still somewhat noble goals, but the intentions of these programs have a deeper meaning.hidden objects that were deliberately hidden by the Dutch as if they were still being used for the purposes of colonization which would be carried out by the Dutch with the aim of being the colonial mother of their colonies (first the Dutch government was neutral towards Islam but gradually began to suspect Islam.This was motivated by the fear of the Dutch The Development of Welfare Politics of the Dutch East…,Radhitya EkaWidjanarko,