THE MASS MEDIA’S LANGUAGE STYLES: ITS POWER AND APPROPRIATENESS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF SYSTEMIC FUNCTIONAL LINGUISTICS

The role of mass media is inevitably significant for people’s everyday life. As one of mass media, newspaper is very effective not only in informing the readers but also in influencing their principles and belief regarding to certain issues. However, texts published in newspapers potentially goes unsuitable for the targeted readers making its significance in informing and influencing less optimal. Accordingly, it is necessary to research the language styles of newspapers to optimize its power of significance in influencing the potential or targeted readers. This is a descriptive analysis study employing systemic functional linguistics (SFL) in analyzing the language styles of texts published by two popular mass media; The Jakarta Post and National Geographic. The analysis tools underpinned by SFL used in this study are the lexical system of congruency, lexicogrammar of complex-simplex clauses, conjunctive relations, and complexity of verbal and nominal groups of the news. The results show that (1) the targeted readers of the news are adult; (2) the use of incongruent lexis, internal conjunction, simple clause, complex group both verbal and nominal, and generic participant are more frequently employed; accordingly (3) written style is employed more often than spoken style. The findings drive to the conclusions that most of the news’ language styles go appropriate to the targeted readers. It means that its power to inform and influence the readers goes optimal. However, the linguistic techniques need improving in order the texts sound more intelligible to the targeted readers.


INTRODUCTION
The eminent purpose of writing in mass media is to spread information to the readers.
Accordingly, it is, as a writer, significant to concern with whether the text is intelligible to the readers or not. Text's intelligibility can be influenced by some factors. One of the factors is the language style of the text (Halliday, 1985).
Generally, there are two kinds of language style. They are written style and spoken style. Spoken style is often correlated to popular style (Carter, 1997) which is evidently easier to be understood by readers (Santosa, 2011). On the other hand, written style is commonly associated with high technicality; the usage of abstract nouns and other characteristics which make it has its own challenge to be understood by readers.
Further, spoken style does not always associate language used in oral form. In case there are two interlocutors talking about certain topic, it is incorrect to easily categorize that the style they communicate is spoken style. Vice versa, when we read a magazine, for instance, it does not mean that the text we are reading is a written-style text. There are some possibilities that the dialogue uses written language. On the other hand, a magazine can be a good example to a spoken-style. Therefore, it is interesting to find out to what style a text belongs. By finding out the style of a text, the social configuration is automatically figured out (Simpson, 2004) which enables us to determine the persons involved in the text (tenor), the topic being discussed (field) and the medium used (mode) such as emotions, (Suhandang, 2004) and (Passante, 2008).
By bringing out the social context elements, it is then able to determine the appropriateness of the text to the targeted readers which at the end can aggrandize the quality of intelligibility of the text. This paper aims to find out the intelligibility of three texts taken from two popular mass media in Indonesia to each of their social configuration.

The Nature of Spoken Style and Written Style
Spoken style is not a language which is uttered and written language is not a language which is written (Santosa, 2011) rather states that spoken style is a product of thought while written language is the artifact (Coulmas (1992). Further, Halliday (1985a) and McCharty (1991) cited in Santosa (2011) believe that spoken language is used to act, think, and behave directly in a social process while written language is the Premise Journal Vol 7 No 1, April 2018, e-ISSN: 2442-482x, p-ISSN: 2089 Copyright@2018 by PJEE 126 representation of our thought, action, and behavior. Halliday (1985b) also believes that language style classification is not always rigid. It is hard to affirm a text as a totally spoken or written language text. In analyzing the style of texts whether they belong to spoken or written text, Kristina (2014) states that there are some crucial issues to be addressed as indicators of language competence of the users.
(2) exchangespatterned exchanges in a conversational group. Hence, expressions like that's great, oh dear, luck you, dear John, alright, fantastic, how lovely, and so on often appears. It also is called with conventionalization; (3) turn-takingtaking the floor (turn) to speak. The possible turn-shifting devices are 'may I interrupt? Hang on a minute, right, sure, oh-ha, that's it, etc.; (4) topics shiftingchange of information flow where it is believed that those who have more power tend to shift the topic. So the expressions like by the way, anyway are commonly used; (5) interactional and transactional talklubricating the social wheels in order to establish roles and relationships, confirming, consolidating relationship, solidarity and empathy, and engaging others to do something or influencing others to suit the speaker's expectation; (6) awareness of discourse markers, and (7) speech and grammar-verb-less clauses, ellipses, lack of concord, false starts, slips of the tongue, etc.." On the other hand, Santosa (2011) states that the differences of spoken style and written style are shown in table 1. From the two indicators above, there are many similarities of indicators given by the two experts. Accordingly, the writers synthesize them based on the most frequently appeared characteristics found in the analyzed texts. However, it does not  The analysis of complex sentence is by the logical meaning system and that of conjunction is by conjunctive relations system (Martin & Rose, 2003) while the group to be analyzed is restricted to nominal group and verbal group. The analysis of logicosemantics sees a language from the entity of process constituent. A clause may have only one process which is then called as simplex. Those with two or more clauses are called complex. The complexity of a clause is viewed from its inter-pendency and relation. The inter-dependency varies into paratactic-two or more clauses can be separated and have parallel relation in which the way to analyze it is by 1, 2, 3…

Objectives of this study
The objectives of this study are to find out 1. who the targeted readers of the news; 2. the use of incongruent lexis, internal conjunction, simple clause, complex group both verbal and nominal, and generic participant; 3. which one is more used: the written style or the spoken style;

METHODOLOGY
This is a quantitative descriptive study which uses three texts from two popular mass media: National Geographic and The Jakarta Post as the samples to find out their intelligibility, power, and appropriateness to their readers through usage of language style. Decision whether a text belongs to spoken text or written text is generally taken from the dominant characters the text brings inside. To find out its dominant character, the analysis of language style is employed through register of discourse semantics level of systemic functional linguistics introduced by Halliday (1985b) which separates styles into spoken and written. Further, each utterance is analyzed not only in the level of linguistics unit but also its reasonable choices of using such kind of language style.

Text 1: Written-Style
After analyzing the clause system of the text, the complexity of the groups, verbal group, noun group, and other indicators to specify whether the text is classified into written or spoken text, it is decided that the first text belongs to the written language. By written text, it means that the dominant characteristics the text brings in terms of language style tends to written style rather than spoken style. To find out the result of analyzing the text, table 3 shows complete analysis of why it belongs to written text. Instead of using specific participants such as you, John, the man, written-style text mostly prefer the use of general participants.

2
No imperative; tend to be declarative All the sentences are grammatically declarative whose speech function is to give information.

3
Grammatical Intricacies: More simplex sentences Among 21 clauses inside the text, there are 13 simplex clauses strengthening that the tendency of using written language/style is used by the author.
The analysis is provided above.

4
Grammatical Intricacies: More complex groups: (4) for nominal and (4a) for verbal Mostly, the groups are complex signified from the fulfillment of the element of the nominal groups as shown in the analysis above and the italic groups in each written-style texts.

5
More use of internal conjunctions 1.It is still largely unexplored, but initial studies suggest its size and features may rival those of the largest excavated underground city in Cappadocia, which could house 20,000 people. 2."We found documents stating that there were close to 30 major water tunnels in this region," says Nevşehir mayor HasanÜnver. 3.They estimate (that) the site is nearly five million square feet (460,000 square meters) among 33 independent measurements.
The underlined words are devices to show arguments as the mark of signifying the existence of internal conjunction (relating two or more arguments in two or more clauses).

Lexis: Abstraction and Technicalities
Unearthed , linseed , otherworldly chimney house, cave churches The words are so technical where average person find hard to understand, another characteristic of written-style text However; this finding has not yet been confirmed with the previous similar topic due to limited resources to get. Therefore; whether the conclusion of this finding is worse, similar or better remains unclear.

Text 2: spoken style
After analyzing the clause system of the text, the complexity of the groups contended, and other indicators to specify whether the text is classified into written or spoken text, we decide that the first text belongs to the spoken language. The complete analysis is shown in this table 4. Metaphorical conjunction is a marked-diction as it alters the original function of conjunction into process like caused, appears, etc in to verb, into circumstance, and into subject also. One of the characteristics of grammatical metaphor is to personify the non-person objects by attaching them with verb like called, caused, etc. it is impossible that the city can do a call where usually human does it. Premise Journal Vol 7 No 1, April 2018, e-ISSN: 2442-482x, p-ISSN: 2089  However; this finding has not yet been confirmed with the previous similar topic due to limited resources to get. Therefore; whether the conclusion of this finding is worse, similar or better remains unclear.

Text 3: Written Style
After analyzing the clause system of the text, the complexity of the groups contended, and other indicators to specify whether the text is classified into written or spoken text, we decide that the first text belongs to the written language. The complete analysis is shown in this table 5. Mostly, the groups are complex signified from the fulfillment of the element of the nominal groups as shown in the analysis above. The whole findings have not been compared with the prior studies;

Conclusion
The analysis of the three texts taken from three different popular mass media reveal to some conclusions that (1) text 1 has written style; text 2 has spoken style; and text 3 has written style which conclude that (2) among the three texts, text 2 is the one which gives high intelligibility to the readers as it is to approach spoken style. However, the three texts mostly (3) contain jargons or technical wordings which are still not common to the average readers.

Suggestion
The suggestions to the mass media are (1) the tendency of using spoken style should be more than that of written style to provide average readers intelligible